Kantian Ethics
Explore Immanuel Kant's deontological ethics, where morality is based on duty, reason, and the categorical imperative—not consequences or feelings.
Duty: The Foundation of Kantian Ethics
Understand Kant's concept of duty, the good will, and why acting from duty (not inclination) gives actions moral worth.
Hypothetical Imperatives: Conditional Commands
Learn why Kant argues hypothetical imperatives (conditional on desires) cannot be moral—only categorical imperatives count as duties.
The Categorical Imperative: Unconditional Moral Law
Explore Kant's three formulations of the supreme moral principle: universalizability, treating humanity as an end, and the kingdom of ends.
The Three Postulates of Practical Reason
Discover why Kant argues morality requires us to assume freedom, immortality, and God exist—even if we cannot prove them scientifically.